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Juncus trifidus
''Juncus trifidus'' is a species of rush known by the common names highland rush and three-leaved rush. It is native to the Northern Hemisphere, where it has a circumboreal distribution.〔Schori, M. (Conservation Assessment for Highland Rush (''Juncus trifidus'') L. ) USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region. May 6, 2004.〕 It occurs in northern and eastern Canada, including the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and other low Arctic regions, the northeastern United States, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, other nearby parts of Europe, and northern Asia.〔 Aiken, S.G., et al. 2007. (Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. ) NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.〕
This plant is a perennial herb with tufted stems up to 40 centimeters long, growing erect or drooping. There are a few grasslike leaf blades measuring up to 12 centimeters long. The inflorescence holds one to four flowers with brown tepals and six stamens. The fruit is a capsule a few millimeters long.〔〔(''Juncus trifidus''. ) Flora of North America.〕 The plant reproduces sexually with its flowering structures and vegetatively via its rhizome, when it may form colonies.〔
This species grows in a number of habitat types, especially in alpine environments. It can be found in talus, on cliffs and ledges, fellfields, tundra, and meadows. It grows in a wide variety of heath ecosystems. The soils may be dry to moist, calcareous, and acidic.〔 They may be gravelly, sandy, and rich in iron. The plant is known as a pioneer on ski slopes and roadsides.〔 It may grow alongside many types of mosses and lichens.〔
While not rare in general, the plant faces threats in some locations. Some populations in the Adirondacks are harmed by trampling by hikers.〔(''Juncus trifidus''. ) New York Natural Heritage Program.〕 Rush habitat on Camel's Hump and Mount Marcy also suffers from trampling disturbance.〔 Rush-dominated heath in the Cairngorms is also potentially threatened by trampling.〔Pryor, P. J. 1985. (The effects of disturbance on open ''Juncus trifidus'' health in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland. In: The ecological impacts of outdoor recreation on mountain areas in Europe and North America. ) RERG Report, Recreation Ecology Research Group, UK. No. 9 53-62.〕
==References==
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